Acute poisoning: inhaled in a short period of time higher concentration of this product can appear eyes and upper respiratory tract obvious irritation symptoms, eye conjunctiva and pharyngeal congestion, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, limb weakness, stumbling, blurred consciousness. Patients with severe illness may have agitation, convulsion and coma.

Chronic poisoning: long-term contact can occur neurasthenia syndrome, hepatomegaly, abnormal menstruation of women workers, etc. Dry skin, chaps, dermatitis.

Environmental hazards: serious hazards to the environment, air, water environment and water source may cause pollution.

Fire and explosion hazard: this product is flammable and irritating.

Toxicity: low toxicity.

Acute toxicity: LD505000mg/kg(rats via mouth); LC5012124mg/kg(rabbit percutaneous); Inhalation of 71.4g/m3 caused short-term death. Acute poisoning was caused by inhalation of 3g/m3× 1-8 hours. Human inhalation of 0.2 ~ 0.3g/m3×8 hours, poisoning symptoms appear.

Stimulus:

Human eye: 300ppm, causing irritation.

Rabbit transdermal: 500mg, moderately stimulated.

Subacute and chronic toxicity: rats and guinea pigs inhaled 390mg/m3, 8 h/day, 90 ~ 127 days, causing hematopoietic system and substantial viscera changes.

Mutagenesis: micronucleus test: mouse via mouth 200mg/kg. Cytogenetic analysis: rats inhaled 5400 mug /m3 for 16 weeks (intermittent).

Reproductive toxicity: the lowest toxic concentration (TCL0) inhaled by rats: 1.5g/m3, 24 hours (1-18 days pregnant), resulting in embryonic toxicity and muscle dysplasia. The minimum toxic concentration (TCL0) inhaled by mice: 500mg/m3, 24 hours (6-13 days pregnant), resulting in embryonic toxicity.

Metabolism and degradation: 80% of toluene absorbed in the body is oxidized to benzyl alcohol in the presence of NADP(transenzyme II), and then oxidized to benzaldehyde in the presence of NAD(transenzyme I), and then oxidized to benzoic acid. Then, in the presence of transenzyme A and adenosine triphosphate, it combines with glycine to form horse uric acid. Therefore, 16% to 20% of human absorption and toluene are exhaled from the respiratory tract in the original form, and 80% of them are excreted through the kidney in the form of maricuric acid. Therefore, after human contact with toluene, maricuric acid in urine rises rapidly after 2 hours, then stops rising slowly, and returns to normal after 16-24 hours of discontact. A small amount of benzoic acid combines with glucuronic acid to form a non - toxic substance. The amount of toluene metabolizing o-methyl phenol is less than 1%. In the environment, toluene reacts with air in the presence of strong oxidants or catalysts, and is oxidized to benzoic acid or directly decomposed into carbon dioxide and water.

Residual and accumulation: about 80% of the dose of toluene is excreted in the urine of humans and rabbits in the form of horse urine (benzoylglycine), and most of the remainder is exhaled. The authors also report that 0.4 to 1.1 percent of toluene is excreted as phthalic acid. Studies have shown that the major metabolite, hippuric acid, is rapidly excreted from the urine and is almost completely excreted 24 hours after the end of normal occupational exposure. However, due to repeated exposure for 8 hours per day at work, followed by 16 hours of non-contact interval, there may be some accumulation of hippuric acid during the working week. After the weekend, the concentration of hippuric acid returns to the pre-exposure level. Accountants who took horse uric acid in their urine varied greatly according to the type of food they ate (0.3 ~ 2.5g), with individual differences. Therefore, it is not possible to infer the toluene absorption from urine equine acid accountant, but in the group survey, it is accurate to correctly determine whether toluene absorption or not. Pretreatment with phenobarbital in rats increased the disappearance rate of toluene from the blood (Ikeda and Ohtsuji, 1971) and shortened the sleep time after toluene injection, so the induction of liver microenzyme system may stimulate the metabolism of toluene.

Transport and conversion: toluene is mainly produced from crude oil through petrochemical processes. As a solvent it is used in oils, resins, natural rubber and synthetic rubber, coal tar, asphalt, cellulose acetate, also used as a solvent for cellulose paint and varnish, as well as for photo plate making, ink solvent. Toluene is also organic synthesis, especially chlorinated benzoyl and phenyl, saccharin, trinitrotoluene and many dyes and other organic synthesis of raw materials. It is also an ingredient in aviation and automobile gasoline. Toluene is volatile and less reactive in the environment. Air is widely distributed in the environment due to its movement, and it is recycled between air and water through rain and evaporation from water surface, which may eventually be degraded by biological and microbial oxidation. A summary of average air concentrations in many cities around the world shows toluene concentrations of 112.5 to 150 microns /m3, mainly from gasoline-related emissions (automobile exhaust, gasoline processing), as well as solvent losses and emissions from industrial activities. [8]

First aid measures

Skin contact: remove contaminated clothing and rinse thoroughly with soap and water.

Eye contact: lift eyelid and rinse with flowing water or normal saline. Go to a doctor.

Inhalation: quickly remove from site to fresh air. Keep respiratory tract open. If breathing becomes difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration immediately. Go to a doctor.

Ingestion: drink enough warm water to induce vomiting. Go to a doctor. [2]

Fire control measures

Dangerous properties: flammable, its steam and air can form an explosive mixture, in case of open fire, high heat energy combustion explosion. It reacts strongly with oxidants. Too fast velocity, easy to generate and accumulation of static electricity. Its vapors are heavier than air and can spread far and wide at a lower level, where a source of fire can ignite back.

Harmful combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.

How to extinguish the fire: spray cooling containers, and if possible move the containers from the fire site to an open area. If the container in the fire has discolored or has made a sound from the safety relief device, it must be evacuated immediately.

Extinguishing agent: foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand. Water is ineffective in extinguishing fire. [2]

Emergency treatment of leakage

Emergency treatment: quickly evacuate the personnel from the leakage contaminated area to the safety zone, isolate them and strictly restrict their access. Cut off the fire. It is suggested that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and wear protective clothing. Cut off the source of leakage as much as possible. Prevent the drain, drainage ditch and other restrictive space.

Small leakage: absorption with activated carbon or other inert materials. Also can be made of non-combustible dispersant emulsion scrub, wash diluted into the waste water system.

Large leakage: build a dike or dig a pit. Cover with foam to reduce vapor hazard. Transfer to tanker or special collector with explosion-proof pump, recycle or transport to waste disposal site for disposal.